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The COSMOS Consortium
The Cosmic Microwave Sky and the Origin of our Universe
| Professor SW Hawking CH FRS (PI) | DAMTP, University of Cambridge |
| Dr RA Battye | Dept. Physics, University of Manchester |
| Dr AD Challinor | DAMTP & IoA, University of Cambridge |
| Dr C Contaldi | Dept. Physics, Imperial College |
| Professor E Copeland | Dept. Physics, University of Nottingham |
| Dr R Crittenden | Cosmology Institute, University of Portsmouth |
| Professor GP Efstathiou FRS | Inst. Astronomy, University of Cambridge |
| Dr PG Ferreria | Dept. Physics, University of Oxford |
| Professor BK Gibson | Astrophysics, University of Central Lancashire |
| Dr M Haehnelt | Inst. Astronomy, University of Cambridge |
| Dr MB Hindmarsh | Physics & Astronomy, University of Sussex |
| Dr MP Hobson | Dept. Physics, University of Cambridge |
| Dr A Jaffe | Dept. Physics, Imperial College |
| Professor A Lasenby | Dept. Physics, University of Cambridge |
| Dr AM Lewis | Inst. Astronomy, University of Cambridge |
| Professor A Liddle | Astronomy Centre, University of Sussex |
| Professor R Maartens | Cosmology Inst., University of Portsmouth |
| Professor J Magueijo | Dept. Physics, Imperial College |
| Professor NS Manton FRS | DAMTP, University of Cambridge |
| Professor R Nichol | Cosmology Inst., University of Portsmouth |
| Dr W Percival | Cosmology Inst., University of Portsmouth |
| Dr A Rajantie | Dept. Physics, Imperial College |
| Professor M Rowan-Robinson | Imperial College |
| Dr PM Saffin | University of Nottingham |
| Dr EPS Shellard | DAMTP, University of Cambridge |
| Professor PM Sutcliffe | Dept. Mathematics, University of Durham |
| Professor NG Turok | DAMTP, University of Cambridge |
| Dr J Weller | Dept. Physics, University College London |
COSMOS science goals
The COSMOS consortium provides the primary high-performance computing platform on which Particle Astrophysics (PA) research within the UK has been undertaken, yielding many important scientific advances from the exploitation of the cosmic microwave sky and other cosmological data sets and in the study of cosmological theories about the origin of the universe and its large-scale structure. The consortium currently encompasses 28 faculty members in 12 separate departments within the Universities of Cambridge, Sussex, Portsmouth, Nottingham, Central Lancashire, Durham, Manchester and Oxford, plus Imperial College and University College, London.
This final report refers to a grant PP/D001870/1 which was used to support COSMOS supercomputer operations (maintenance, hardware and running costs), as well as parallel programmer support, in the period from early 2006 until early 2008. The scientific goals of the original proposal encompassed three main areas:
- Developing analysis techniques and pipelines to extract information from the CMB and other data.
- Characterising the fundamental properties of our Universe and the nature of its primordial perturbations.
- Understanding the non-equilibrium dynamics of early universe phase transitions and inflation.
This programme of research has been very successful in fulfilling these stated goals with over 100 COSMOS papers published in international journals over the period of the grant. The availability of these powerful and flexible supercomputer resources has helped ensure that the UK particle astrophysics community retains and enhances its world leadership in many areas important for STFC science strategy and experimental programmes. It is not possible to cover all the results of COSMOS research and simulations in the short report that follows, but we will note significant highlights in each broad area of research. We will also report on the vital role of the STFC funded programmer in supporting the development and implementation of key cosmology applications, and ensuring the efficient use of these heavily subscribed supercomputer resources. One significant change of use in resources was the redirection of hardware maintenance resources in the original grant towards an upgrade of the supercomputer. This is explained in the accompanying JeS form and STFC was kept fully informed of the process. Combining with further COSMOS instititutional contributions, this redirection proved highly cost-effective, greatly increasing processing power, memory, and storage while markedly improving energy efficiency. This vital COSMOS upgrade has ensured the ongoing availability of supercomputer resources for the UK PA community at a transitional time for STFC delaying HPC funding.
1 Cosmic microwave sky
CMB science exploitation
The dramatic confrontation between new observations of our Universe and theories of the early universe makes cosmology one of the most rapidly advancing fields in the physical sciences. Nowhere is this quantitative confrontation more evident than in the cosmic microwave sky and COSMOS users continue to play a leading role in this computationally intensive analysis. Published work includes novel analysis of present and past CMB data sets, increasingly sophisticated methods for cosmological parameter estimation and model selection, key constraints on a range of cosmological theories, and concerted effort in preparation for the next generation of CMB experiments, such as Planck and Clover.
Among the achievements of investigators and their groups using COSMOS resources are the following:
- The detailed analysis of WMAP maps has allowed UK cosmologists to identify a number of large-scale anomalies that seem to be present in the data which currently are not explained by either cosmological theory or foreground contamination – the so-called ‘axis of evil’, the ‘cold spot’ and other effects [54, 53].
- The standard code for performing MCMC estimation of cosmological parameters was designed by a COSMOS investigator (Lewis) and it is used regularly to constrain a plethora of cosmological parameters. The COSMOS parallel programmer has made significant improvements to the efficiency and scalability of CosmoMC and has continued to maintain it.
- This work has recently been taken further by the Sussex and Cavendish groups who have developed MCMC-based Bayesian parameter extraction and model comparison codes. A notable achievement has been the creation of the ’CosmoNest’ code, a cosmological implementation of the Nested Sampling algorithm, for quickly and efficiently calculating the Bayesian evidence of cosmological models (now publicly released). Applications include the first full Bayesian model comparison analysis of WMAP data, and forecasts of expected model selection outcomes from Planck, as well as to dark energy models (see, for example, [62, 4, 27, 59, 66, 70]).
- COSMOS has proven to be invaluable platform for the development of techniques for low-level data processing (e.g. mapmaking) and data analysis (component separation and power spectrum estimation), specifically for the upcoming Planck mission. A large suite of Cambridge Planck Analysis Centre (CPAC) codes were developed on COSMOS, with many ported to the platform by the COSMOS programmer. Of particular note, the key component separation software was developed here with the most important achievement being the polarized version of this code.
CMB predictions from early universe theories
The CMB has provided the clearest observational discriminants between competing primordial theories. The recent emergence of realistic cosmological models from higher-dimensional fundamental theories has demonstrated both the genericity of cosmic (super-)strings and the presence of many scalar fields. These two developments have reignited interest in cosmological areas in which COSMOS consortium members enjoy international leadership. In particular, aims achieved have included the calculation of primordial spectra for a variety of inflation and cosmic defect models, projecting these forward to predict the CMB power spectra and bispectra today and confront with observations. Recent advances building on pioneering work by COSMOS consortium members include:
- CMB power spectra from mixed cosmic string/inflation models: We performed the first, and so far only, field theory network calculations leading to CMB calculations for local cosmic strings [16, 17], including the polarization power spectrum [15]. This work has also been extended to semilocal strings[101]. For a Harrison–Zel’dovich spectrum plus strings,a multi-parameter likelihood analysis with CMB data implies a (10 ±3)% string contribution to the temperature power spectrum at multipole ℓ = 10, with a marginally-better fit possible than the usual inflationary concordance model [17]. Battye et al considered admixtures of cosmic strings and inflationary fluctuations both in the context of supersymmetric hybrid inflation [?] and brane inflation [12].
- CMB non-Gaussianity from fundamental theory: Liguori and collaborators have used Monte-Carlo methods to create non-Gaussian CMB maps at increasing resolution on COSMOS, providing these for use in the Planck data analysis pipeline. The methods have recently been generalised to include polarisation and successfully parallelised by the COSMOS programmer. Fergusson and Shellard [38] have been able to perform the first complete calculations of the CMB bispectrum (as observed today in multipole ℓ-space) given a general primordial bispectrum (in k-space); previous approaches, such as the present WMAP analysis of non-Gaussianity, have assumed a restricted separable ansatz. Landriau and Shellard have developed a unique numerical code which solves the full hierarchy of 3D Einstein–Boltzmann equations (scalar, vector and tensor) in order to create full-sky and small-angle CMB maps of arbitrary resolution. Full-sky CMB string maps have been generated with some non-Gaussian tests performed, and preliminary results for polarisation and weak lensing have been obtained [56].
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2 Matter content and large-scale structure
Galaxy surveys and dark energy
Two of the key questions on the STFC/PPAN roadmap are ‘What is the Universe made of and how does it evolve?’ and ‘How do galaxies, stars and planets form and evolve?’ Galaxy surveys attempt to address these questions by looking at the the seeds of structure in the Universe on the largest scales where it is simplest to understand. COSMOS consortium members have been exploiting galaxy surveys such as SDSS to learn more about the matter content of the Universe, as well as the primordial perturbations, while preparing for involvement in the Dark Energy Survey. Some of the recent COSMOS achievements related to surveys of the large scale galaxy distribution are:
- Nichol et al.[65, 52] used COSMOS to measure the 3-point correlation function of over 130,000 galaxies from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS). COSMOS was essential for such calculations because of the computational intensity of such measurements. Furthermore, the computation of jack-knife errors on the 3-point functions benefited greatly from the parallelization possible with COSMOS. Nichol and collaborators are continuing this work with the latest SDSS data and further require large N-body simulations to help interpret the final 3-pt functions; COSMOSremains critical for this analysis.
- Work measuring the baryon acoustic oscillation (BAO) scale in the 2-degree Field Galaxy
Redshift Survey and the Sloan Digital Sky Survey led by Will Percival at the University of
Portsmouth used COSMOSto calculate Fourier power spectra for many thousands of mock
catalogues. This enabled the BAO observed in these surveys to be correctly interpreted,
leading to distance scale constraints at redshifts 0.2 and 0.35 confirming the acceleration of
the Universe, and measurement of the cosmological matter density ([73, 74, 72]). This work
has attracted much attention (with over 150 citations already) and demonstrates the power
of the BAO technique.
Figure 2: COSMOS has been important for the analysis of Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) data. Large coherent structures in the distribution of galaxies are visible (left), with the “Great Wall” being the most prominent. It has a significant effect on statistical measures, changing the galaxy power spectrum by up to 15% and the three-point correlation function by over 70% [65]. Strong evidence for baryon acoustic oscillations in the galaxy power spectrum (shown on the right) [?] resulted from an analysis of SDSS data performed on COSMOS.
- Parkinson and collaborators [69] have used COSMOS to design the parameters of future cosmological surveys, in particular the Wide-Field Multi-Object Spectrograph (WFMOS) instrument. This was done by conducting a Monte Carlo optimisation of the WFMOS instrument and survey design with respect to the dark energy parameters.
Galaxy clusters and the Lyα forest
In order to make contact to observations of the structure in the matter distribution on small and intermediate scales it is necessary to perform advanced numerical simulations to track the non-linear evolution of the matter distribution, to model the gas-physical processes which affect the distribution and physical state of the diffuse baryonic matter component and to understand the formation and evolution of galaxies both important tracers of the overall matter distribution. Numerical simulations and statistical analysis performed on COSMOS have led to world-leading exploitation of astronomical data sets ranging from the CMB, surveys of galaxies and galaxy clusters, gravitational lensing and the Lyα forest. Recent highlights include:
- Haehnelt and collaborators (Bolton, Kim, Regan, Springel, Viel, Weller) have been able to establish the Lyα forest as one of four recognized quantitative observational probes of the matter power spectrum which extends to scales and redshifts not accessible otherwise [107, 108]. Highlights of this work include a measurement of the hydrogen ionization rate at high redshift [20], an improved understanding of the metagalactic UV background [21], a lower limit on the mass of dark matter particles which together with other observations rules out the suggestion that dark matter may be warm and not cold [110, 105] and a measurement of the spectral index of primordial density fluctions which can be linked back to the nature of a possible inflationary phase of rapid expansion early on in the history of the Universe [108]. Gratton et al have shown that Lyα forest data when combined with forthcoming Planck CMB data will constrain the the sum of neutrino masses [42].
- COSMOS consortium members continue to explore the feasibility of future Sunyaev-Zel’dovich cluster surveys to constrain cosmological parameters and dark energy models. For example, Shaw and collaborators produced detailed, high resolution, synthetic Sunyaev-Zel’dovich sky maps (from state-of-the-art cosmological simulations) that were applied to developing and testing cluster detection algorithms designed for use on real data from SZ surveys, such as the South Pole Telescope [90]. X-ray cluster data has been used by Weller and collaborators to place a state of the art constraint on dark energy and its equation of state. Bolton et al used detailed simulations of the intergalactic medium run on COSMOS to place robust constraints on the metagalactic hydrogen ionisation rate at 2 < z < 6 [20] and demonstrated that the voids in the IGM at z~3 are hotter than usually assumed, possibly due to radiative transfer effects during helium reionisation [23]. Lewis, Weller and Battye have also investigated the ionization history of the Universe using CMB data [58].
- During the past year, broader astrophysical problems have also been pursued on COSMOS, subsequent to contributions to the recent upgrade from groups led by Gibson at UCLan and Clarke at the IoA. An example of this work is a recent paper by Drake and Ercolano on X-Ray irradiated protoplanetary disk atmospheres [37]. Courty et al are using COSMOS to simulate disk galaxies in cosmological environments.
3 The Early Universe
Fundamental cosmology
Fundamental cosmology covers a number of areas including cosmic string dynamics, formation and evolution of cosmic superstrings, inflation in braneworlds and other novel alternatives to inflationary cosmology. Perhaps the most significant impact made in this field through COSMOS has been in the area of cosmic superstring dynamics. Their existence has opened up a new field of research and a possible window on observing fundamental strings directly through cosmology. Among the significant advances in fundamental cosmology are:
- Consortium members have investigated the differences between macroscopic superstrings and their cosmic string counterparts. For example in cosmic superstrings the probability of intercommutation need not be unity, it can be as small as 10-3. Its value effects the density of strings in the scaling regime. In [9], the authors allowed for the intercommuting probability to vary. Although they still found scaling of the string network, intriguingly they found that the dependence of the scaling density on the probability P is significantly different than the suggested ρ ∝P-1 form. In particular they showed that the enhancement of string densities due to a small intercommuting probability is much less prominent than initially anticipated.
- Another feature of cosmic superstring networks is the existence of multiple kinds of strings, leading to more complicated configurations where two strings can not intercommute but rather form junctions. In that case it was not clear that the network would even ‘scale’ until a number of COSMOS simulations demonstrated that these hybrid networks also scale [45], even when a large number of different types of string are present - a key result. The existence of a scaling regime was also found in other defect networks, such as domain walls with and without junctions and also semilocal strings [13, 76, 6, 2].
- In theories where extra dimensions are compactified the compact manifold may undergo topology changing transitions, by including string theory corrections these transitions were studied during cosmological evolution[68].
Phase transitions and interdisciplinary studies
COSMOS has played a leading role in research into field theory for cosmology, leading to new results for cosmological phase transitions, inflationary preheating, and the baryon asymmetry. In addition, COSMOS consortium members have been engaged in interdisciplinary studies of solitons and other topological defects which have applications beyond cosmology in nuclear and condensed matter physics. We note that the interdisciplinary study of solitons have been a focal point for the EU Cosmology in the Laboratory (COSLAB) network and the PPARC/STFC-funded Classical Lattice Field Theory collaboration, in which many COSMOS consortium members have taken an active role. Recent highlights include:
- Baryon asymmetry and preheating: We have demonstrated that parametric resonance (preheating) or symmetry breaking (tachyonic preheating) at the end of inflation is capable of producing the baryon asymmetry of the universe [99]. We have also performed the first numerical simulations showing that preheating and tachyonic preheating can have other potentially important consequences such as non-thermal symmetry restoration and production of non-topological defects such as Q-balls.
- Defect formation: We have developed and tested a new theory of how topological defects such as cosmic strings are formed in thermal gauge theory phase transitions by fluctuations of the gauge field [36]. The theory is valid more broadly and should apply to e.g. superconductors, which makes it possible to test it experimentally.
- Skyrmions: The Skyrme model is a nonlinear theory of pions which is an approximate, low energy effective theory of QCD, obtained in the limit of a large number of quark colours. Skyrmions are topological soliton solutions of the model and are candidates for an effective description of nuclei, with an identification between soliton and baryon numbers. In the simplest case of massless pions, relaxation codes on COSMOS have allowed the computation of minimal energy Skyrmion solutions up to large baryon numbers. This work has revealed unexpected and significant new results, leading to a connection with Fullerenes in carbon chemistry and interesting new mathematics (Sutcliffe was awarded the London Mathematical Society’s Whitehead Prize in 2006 with this work being mentioned explicitly in the citation). For massive pions, simulations performed on COSMOS have demonstrated the Skyrmion solutions (excluding very low baryon numbers) have a very different character [11]. In particular, simulations [10] reveal structures similar to those in the alpha-particle model.
New methods
The studies mentioned above are all based on quantum field dynamics in the early universe. The COSMOS consortium members have developed new innovative techniques for such studies to ensure continuing progress in future:
- We have developed a new C++ library [14] which enables the rapid development of parallel field theory codes such as those used for studying cosmic strings and cosmic superstrings. Large-scale expanding universe simulations of string networks formed the basis of studies of their astrophyisical signatures (see section 2).
- We have developed a non-perturbative method for calculating properties of topological solitons in full quantum field theory using lattice Monte Carlo simulations. With this approach, we have measured for the first time the mass of a quantised ’t Hooft-Polyakov monopole [78]. This is a significant improvement over previous calculations which were limited to leading order perturbative quantum correction in simple special cases.
- The two-particle irreducible (2PI) effecive action formalism is a promising new approach to non-equilibrium quantum field theory. We have applied to the cosmologically relevant case of an expansing universe and tested its validity for describing defect formation [79].
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4 Parallel Programming Specialist
Parallel programming support is vital if the consortium is to exploit its computational resources effectively and if it is to realise its ambitious research goals. With the introduction of multi-core technology in the current generation of chips, high performance applications need to be able to exploit effectively opportunities for thread and instruction level parallelism even within a single CPU if they are to achieve any performance gains when porting codes to the new machine. The long experience of the parallel programmer with mixed distributed- and shared-memory architectures, has been important to the consortium in this regard.
Here we can only mention the achievements of the present COSMOS parallel programmer, Victor Travieso, during the time of the grant. His primary role is high level support which involves detailed analysis of and parallel programming help with a continuous stream of consortium codes, with user priorities being determined at management meetings on the basis of need and scientific merit. The speed-ups and scalability achieved have proved to be remarkable for almost all codes which he has tackled in depth. As well as the high level support on specific scientific projects, the COSMOS programmer provides support across the spectrum of user requirements:
- Optimization and Development: Collaboration with researchers takes the form of mid and long term projects prioritized on the basis of need and scientific merit. Programming projects usually span the full code life cycle, with an initial design of goals, an implementation phase, testing and release. The programmer’s task in these projects is mainly to provide scalable parallelization of an application, optimization of key numerical routines, or development of auxiliary analysis and visualizaton tools. For example, the collaboration on the texture evolution code (globalgeo) with Prof. Neil Turok involved porting and parallelizing with OpenMP the existing evolution code, including parallelizing the random number generator and main kernel, optimization of the evolution kernel for memory consumption (achieving a 60% reduction in the memory foorprint) and development of checkpoint and resume routines. These developments combined allowed an order of magnitude scaling of the original evolution, which was crucial for the obtention of new results. The project also comprised the development of analysis tools to post-process and obtain statistics of the runs, as well as providing visualization of the evolution of defects. The project timespan was about 4 weeks of core development work with two additional months of intermittent auxiliary tasks like code support, testing and visualization.
- Cosmolib: The programmer maintains a large library of cosmology codes, as well as graphics and data storage applications frequently used by cosmologists. The cosmology codes have all been optimised for the present Altix platform and include, for example, CosmoMC and derived codes, Wmap 3/5 year data and software repository, Healpix, Gadget-2, and Enzo. The frequently used applications include IDL, Explorer, Pgplot, Matlab, and other graphics packages, Cfitsio, Hdf-5, FFT libraries, and numerical libraries. This up-to-date central repository is extremely convenient for linking during code development, as well as for post-processing.
- Visualization: The programmer supports this important capability for the consortium, by
which large-scale data on the central server can be viewed remotely (and collaboratively)
from any consortium site. The present implementation uses SGI Vizserver running on a
Prism high performance graphics server integrated into the Cluster Filesystem. Visualization
support is customized to the particular requirements of an application or dataset. Scalar
field visualizations are the most common, and usually require preparation of the datasets
from simulation raw data and the creation of a processing pipeline and batch rendering
task using OpenGL volume rendering or isosurface packages. Other visualization projects
include demonstration movies for technical and popular presentations using highly detailed
ray tracing techniques. An example of this work is the creation of movies from domain walls
simulations (with Carlos Martins) - time evolving scalar fields - which provide a clear picture
of the dynamics of the singularities, and illustrative movies of brane collisions.
Figure 5: This visualization example by the COSMOS programmer shows a snapshot of a complex simulation of cosmic domain walls with junctions, modelled using a non-abelian field theory. Such networks were shown to evolve in a non-pathological scale-invariant manner even with hundreds of scalar fields and many different varieties of cosmic defects.
- Systems Programming: The Altix is a shared memory single-image system running a customized version of the Linux kernel. Although scalability and performance are achieved through customized kernel patches developed by SGI, there are some gaps in the software provided for system monitoring and high level load balancing. Specifically, additional tools are needed to ensure that batch jobs get a dedicated set of resources and to prevent single jobs from locking too many resources. To achieve this, COSMOS uses a set of in-house software developed by the programmer in collaboration with the system administrator, to provide system monitoring and load balancing capabilities to the queueing system and interactive tasks. The software is under active development and frequent patches are needed to account for operating system and software updates.
- Helpdesk: The programmer operates an email and telephone helpdesk, through which he can be contacted for user queries and problems. Common support tasks include porting of codes to the Altix, profiling and debugging, dealing with programming queries and basic optimization through compiler options and high level tools.
- Online documentation: Extensive and frequently accessed user pages have been created and indexed
with an in-house search facility by the programmer, and are regularly updated with new
information; they can be viewed at the COSMOS website:
www.damtp.cam.ac.uk/cosmos/
Topics covered included code development, batch queues and resource usage, visualization facility, cosmology tools etc. The COSMOS website also serves all the compiler manuals and other application documentation.
- User training: The programmer has also organised and run on site user training sessions in conjunction with the System Administrator, which is an important service for new generations of COSMOS users. This also entails visits to consortium sites to get to know users and discuss their problems face-to-face.
APPENDIX A. LIST OF CONSORTIUM CODES
COSMOS consortium application list
CMB Codes and Libraries
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| Code | Description | Core | Support | Users |
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| galm | Monte Carlo generation of non-Gaussian primordial CMB maps | Numerical integration, FFT | Porting and OpenMP support | Liguori |
| bispectrum | CMB bi-spectrum calculations | Numerical integration | MPI Development | Fergusson |
| cmb2000 | CMB analysis | ODE | Optimization and debugging | Shellard, Landriau, Battye |
| cmbfast camb | Basis for CosmoMC codes | ODE | Optimization | many users |
| cmbmap | 3D Einstein Boltzmann | FFT, ODE | Debugging | Shellard, Landriau |
| cmbng | CMB non-Gaussian | FFT | Support | Kunz |
| cosmoMC | Markov Chain Monte Carlo | ODE | Optimization, porting and support | Lewis, Bridle, Weller, others |
| cosmonest | CosmoMC with nested sampling | ODE, sorting | Support | Parkinson, Mukherjee |
| healpix | CMB analysis | FFT | Porting and Optimization | Land, Bridle, Magueijo |
| integ | cmbmap post processing | array handling | Support | Landriau |
| mpole | multipole vector calculations | ODE | Support | Land |
| deconvmap | Planck deconvolution map making | matrix inversion | Support | Harrison |
| planckmem | Planck key code | variable metric minimization | Porting and Optimization | Stolyarov |
Early Universe / Solitons
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| Code | Description | Core | Support | Users |
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| ahiggs | Abelian Higgs field theory | finite diff. | Support | Shellard |
| mBranes | MCMC Brane simulations | finite diff. | Development and Support | Nicholson |
| defects | Defect simulation | finite diff. | Porting and Support | Hindmarsh |
| globalgeo | Textures simulation | ODE | Development and Optimization | Turok |
| higgsmc | Higgs field MC | finite diff. | Porting and Support | Rajantie |
| hybpar | Bosonic field evolution | finite diff. | Optimization | Rajantie |
| iilm | Finite temperature field theory | ODE | Porting and Support | Wantz |
| inf2004 | nonlinear multifield stochastic inflation | ODE, FFT | Optimization and Support | Shellard, van Tent, Rigopoulos |
| latfield | lattice field evolution on topological defects | PDE,FFT | Porting and Support | Hindmarsh, Urrestilla, Saffin |
| on | field theory - global O(N) evolution | finite diff. | Support | Battye |
| osp | classical field evolution | finite diff. | MPI debugging and Support | Saffin, Tranberg |
| pd3N, pd2N | quantum operator evolution | finite diff., FFT | Porting and Optimization | Tranberg |
| preheat | cosmological preheating | PDE | Porting and Optimization | Chambers |
| sky_two | field theory, skyrmion evolution | finite diff. | Support | Battye |
| string | cosmic string networks | finite diff. | Debugging and Support | Shellard, Martins |
| su2 | classical field evolution | finite diff. | Optimization and Support | Tranberg |
| walls | domain walls simulations | finite diff. | Development and Optimization | Martins |
| qball | field evolution of topological defects | PDE, FFT | Support | Tsumagari |
Large Scale Structure, Dark Energy and Others
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| Code | Description | Core | Support | Users |
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| enzo | N-body large scale formation | ODE, FFT | Porting and Support | Regan |
| gadget-2 | N-body large scale structure | ODE, FFT | Porting and Optimization | Bolton, Regan, Johansson |
| lm2shape | MCMC galaxy shape estimation | ODE | Support | Bridle |
| mcAdam | maximum likelihood cluster modelling | MCMC | Porting and Support | Hobson, Feroz |
| npt | npoint correlation on SDSS catalogues |
| Porting and Support | Nichol and group |
| nested | nested sampler clustering | MC | Porting and Parallelization | Hobson, Feroz |
| optimcomp | MCMC | FFT, matrix decomp. | Support | Kunz, Parkinson |
| Pheno | Nested sampler | ODE, FFT | Development and Parallelization | Abdus-Salam, Hobson, Feroz |
| pico-net | Parallel Clustering Neural Networks | ODE | Porting and Support | Bridges |
| pksim | analysis of galaxy surveys | FFT | Support | Percival |
| ramses | AMR hydro solver | ODE | Support | Courty |
APPENDIX B. COSMOS PUBLICATIONS
[1] G. Aarts and A. Tranberg, Particle creation and warm inflation, Phys. Lett. B650, 65 2007, hep-ph/0701205.
[2] A. Achucarro, P. Salmi, and J. Urrestilla, Semilocal Cosmic String Networks, Phys. Rev. D75, 121703 2007, astro-ph/0512487.
[3] T. Auld, M. Bridges, and M. P. Hobson, CosmoNet: fast cosmological parameter estimation in non-flat models using neural networks, 2007, astro-ph/0703445.
[4] T. Auld, M. Bridges, M. P. Hobson, and S. F. Gull, Fast cosmological parameter estimation using neural networks, M.N.R.A.S. 376, L11 2007, astro-ph/0608174.
[5] T. Auld, M. Bridges, M. P. Hobson, and S. F. Gull, Fast cosmological parameter estimation using neural networks, Mon. Not. Roy. Astron. Soc. Lett. 376, L11 2007, astro-ph/0608174.
[6] P. P. Avelino, C. J. A. P. Martins, J. Menezes, R. Menezes, and J. C. R. E. Oliveira, Defect junctions and domain wall dynamics, Phys. Rev. D73, 123520 2006, hep-ph/0604250.
[7] P. P. Avelino, C. J. A. P. Martins, and E. P. S. Shellard, Effects of Inflation on a Cosmic String Loop Population, Phys. Rev. D76, 083510 2007, 0710.2210.
[8] A. Avgoustidis, Cosmic String Dynamics and Evolution in Warped Spacetime, 2007, 0712.3224.
[9] A. Avgoustidis and E. P. S. Shellard, Effect of reconnection probability on cosmic (super)string network density, Phys. Rev. D73, 041301 2006, astro-ph/0512582.
[10] R. Battye, N. S. Manton, and P. Sutcliffe, Skyrmions and the alpha-particle model of nuclei, Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. A463, 261 2007, hep-th/0605284.
[11] R. Battye and P. Sutcliffe, Skyrmions with massive pions, Phys. Rev. C73, 055205 2006, hep-th/0602220.
[12] R. A. Battye, B. Garbrecht, A. Moss, and H. Stoica, Constraints on Brane Inflation and Cosmic Strings, JCAP 0801, 020 2008, 0710.1541.
[13] R. A. Battye and A. Moss, Scaling dynamics of domain walls in the cubic anisotropy model, Phys. Rev. D74, 023528 2006, hep-th/0605057.
[14] N. Bevis and M. Hindmarsh, www.latfield.org.
[15] N. Bevis, M. Hindmarsh, M. Kunz, and J. Urrestilla, CMB polarization power spectra contributions from a network of cosmic strings, Phys. Rev. D76, 043005 2007, 0704.3800.
[16] N. Bevis, M. Hindmarsh, M. Kunz, and J. Urrestilla, CMB power spectrum contribution from cosmic strings using field-evolution simulations of the Abelian Higgs model, Phys. Rev. D75, 065015 2007, astro-ph/0605018.
[17] N. Bevis, M. Hindmarsh, M. Kunz, and J. Urrestilla, Fitting CMB data with cosmic strings and inflation, Phys. Rev. Lett. 100, 021301 2008, astro-ph/0702223.
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