Basic Operation


Contents Summary

Detailed Contents
1. Introduction
2. Starting DigImage
3. Basic Operation
4. Sample Session
5. Command Files
6. Movies
7. Coordinate Systems
8. Warnings, Errors and Crashes
9. Utilities
10. Macros
11. Other Considerations
12. Updates
Appendix A: Menus
Index


3 Basic Operation

DigImage utilises a hierarchy of menus to provide access to the majority of its facilities. Once selected, a menu option will either provide access to a secondary menu, produce a sequence of prompts requiring user input, or immediately perform some operation. The various user input options are detailed below.

3.1 MENUS

The menu structure providing the main user interface has been kept as logical as possible. However, what is "logical" will depend largely on the type of processing being undertaken. The main menu is at the bottom of the tree structure, providing entry points to secondary or child menus. These in turn provide entry to specific facilities and/or a further level of menus.

To enter a child menu or execute a menu option, simply press the key associated with that menu option. The key is not case sensitive, nor does it require that <return> is pressed. Execution will not proceed past the menu until a valid key is pressed. The <space> key may be used to toggle the status panel, at the top left of the display, on and off. The main menu entries are listed below along with a brief description of the associated branches:

Menu itemDescription
C: Contours and Edges Accesses the CONTOURS program module which provides basic manipulations centred around iso-intensity contours.
D: Plots & Screen Dumps Accesses the PLOTSCRN program module which provides interactive and file oriented plotting and image manipulation facilities, plus the production of hard copy.
E: Enhance image Accesses the ENHANCE program module which provides a variety of techniques for enhancing the contents of an image, correcting for irregularities in background illumination etc.
F: Filter Present in all program modules. Provides basic convolution, morphological, interlace and Fourier domain filters.
G: Grab/Display Present in all program modules. In addition to providing an extensive array of image acquisition and display options, basic pixel-by-pixel image manipulations are also provided.
I Index of facilities Present in all program modules. This option access the index facility which provides a convenient method for locating a desired feature. The option is equivalent to the <alt><f1> key sequence described in section 1.2
K: Save/Restore Buffer Present in all program modules. This option accesses a menu supplying methods of saving and reading images or sections of images to/from the hard or floppy disk.
L: Length scales, fractals etc. Accesses the LENGSCAL program module which provides a number of methods for analysing the length scales contained within an image or pair of images. Included in these analyses are fractal dimensions, cross correlations, and a simple form of particle image velocimetry.
M: Miscellaneous tools Starts the MISCELL program which contains a variety of tools such as font and output look up table definition.
P: Coordinate System Mapping Present in all program modules. This option accesses the coordinate transformation features of DigImage.
Q Exit DigImage Exit DigImage and returns to MS-DOS.
S: Spatial FFT Accesses the SFFT program module which provides a simple range of manipulations and analyses based on a two-dimensional spatial fast Fourier transform.
T: Time Series Accesses the TIMESERI program module which provides a number of options for analysing or averaging a time series.
U: Particle Tracking Accesses the TRK2DPAR (and TRK2DRUN) program module which provides the extensive particle tracking abilities within DigImage.
V: Video Tape Recorder Control Present in all program modules, this option allows precise, comprehensive control of the video recorder.
Z: Take Input From File Present in all program modules, this option may be used to start command files and access a number of other related features.

3.2 FUNCTION KEY SHORT CUTS

To avoid constantly changing menus during interactive operation, DigImage also provides a range of function key and other short cuts for commonly required features. These function key operations may be accessed from most but not all menus. A summary template may be accessed using <ctrl><f1>, with more detailed help information being provided by <shift><f1>. Here is a brief run down on the available operations.

Key sequence Description
<ctrl><break> Abort DigImage. This will return to the main menu under interactive control, closing all open files. Note however that some aspects of DigImage may be left a little untidy (such as files being incompletely written out).
<escape> Cancel current activity. When pressed from a menu it is equivalent to pressing the [Q Return to parent menu] - execution will leave the current menu and return to the parent menu. The exception is that you may not use <escape> to exit from the main menu.
<f1> Give help on the current activity. See section 1.2 for further details.
<shift><f1> Give general help. See section 1.2 for further details.
<ctrl><f1> This combination brings up a brief summary of the facilities available through the function keys.
<alt><f1> Activates the index facility. Equivalent to [;I Index of facilities]. See section 1.2 for further details.
<f2> Displays a listing of the files in a user-specified directory. Defaults to the current directory.
<shift><f2> No effect from -> prompts.
<ctrl><f2> Change the current working directory.
<alt><f2> Access MS-DOS. You may either type a single MS-DOS command or start the command interpreter by typing COMMAND (to exit the command interpreter, type EXIT).
<f3> Display the previous (n-1) output frame buffer.
<shift><f3> Display the next (n+1) output frame buffer.
<ctrl><f3> Prompt for a frame buffer to be displayed.
<alt><f3> Produce a summary buffer containing 4, 9, 16 25 or 36 frame buffers. This is identical to [;GJ Display summary of buffers].
<f4> Use the previous (n-1) output look up table.
<shift><f4> Use the next (n+1) output look up table.
<ctrl><f4> Specify a particular output look up table.
<alt><f4> Show the DigImage news file (HlpFiles\News.HLP).
<f5> Enter the Cursor Positioning submenu which provides zoom and pan facilities. Equivalent to [;GZ Zoom and Pan].
<shift><f5> Enter the Cursor Positioning submenu with intensity section plotting capabilities to enable detailed investigation of the intensity profiles. Equivalent to [;CS Plot intensity sections].
<ctrl><f5> This allows text to be added to the current buffer. Equivalent to [;DCT Text]. Character formatting (different fonts and character sizes) may be included using the following two character codes:&R Switch to Roman font (default)
&I
Switch to Italic font
&G
Switch to Greek font
&N
or &- Switch to normal size (default)
&H
or &^ Switch to superscript
&L
or &_ Switch to subscript
&S
Switch to small size
&A
Switch to normal weight (default)
&B
Switch to bold
&&
The ampersand (&) symbol.
<f6> Open a DigImage Journal File. All keyboard input during the DigImage session (unless a command file is subsequently opened) will be recorded in this file along with comments, warning messages etc. This facility is of particular value for use when creating command files. The Journal File may be edited to provide the desired command sequence, or, for relatively simple command structures, used in its raw form. See section 5.8 for further details.
<shift><f6> Close the DigImage Journal File previously opened by <f6>. See section 5.8 for further details.
<ctrl><f6> Type on the screen, the contents of the specified file, one page at a time.
<alt><f6> Delete the specified file.
<f7> Invert the current image. Equivalent to [;GMI Invert buffer].
<shift><f7> Apply the current hardware transfer function to this buffer. The hardware transfer function is specified by [;PIX Specify hardware transfer function] and is used to map the digitised intensities to true intensities (at least within an arbitrary scaling factor). This mapping process may also be accessed via [;GMY Apply hardware transfer function].
<f8> Allows the current frame buffer to be operated on by a mask buffer. The result, stored in the current frame buffer, is either iBuf AND iMask (<P>), or iBuf AND NOT iMask (<N>). This facility may also be accessed through [;GMK Use mask buffer].
<shift><f8> Digitise a video image and place the results in the specified frame buffer. Equivalent to [;GG Grab singe frame].
<ctrl><f8> Erase the current frame buffer - asks for confirmation. Similar to [;GE Erase a buffer].
<f9> Superimpose an intensity scale on the current frame buffer. Similar to [;GI Display intensity scale].
<shift><f9> Display the image in the current output buffer on the computer monitor.
<ctrl><f9> Send the contents of the current DigImage buffer to a printer or a file. PostScript, LaserJet and PaintJet (colour) formats are supported.
<f10> Fast low pass filter of current frame buffer using the onboard arithmetic logic unit. This function key is equivalent to [;FL Fast low pass filter]. A choice of kernel sizes is available from 3x3 to 25x25.
<shift><f10> Duplicate interlace lines. This filter duplicates either the even lines into the odd ones, or vice versa. Equivalent to [;FID Duplicate interlace information].
<ctrl><f10> Average interlace lines. This filter averages either the even lines into the odd ones, or vice versa. Equivalent to [;FIA Average interlace information].
<f11> Copy current frame buffer to user-specified destination. Similar to [;GC Copy a buffer].
<shift><f11> Copy user-specified source buffer to current frame buffer. Similar to [;GC Copy a buffer].
<ctrl><f11> This function key can be used to start the current screen saver at any stage where user input is requested. Note that if the frame grabber is in active use (either acquiring images or performing ALU operations) then only the computer monitor screen saver will be used.
<alt><f11> The normal automatic starting of the screen saver can be enabled or disabled by this key combination. The screen saver will be automatically invoked under the following conditions (only the first three apply for the computer monitor):
  • The screen saver is not disabled
  • DigImage is in a menu
  • The specified time must have elapsed since the last user operation (this time is set by the CONFIGUR utility)
  • The frame grabber is not acquiring an image
  • The frame grabber is not be executing an ALU instruction
<f12> Disable VTR control routines. If the computer has been monitoring or controlling the VTR, then this key will terminate the monitoring until it is required again.
<shift><f12> Enable VTR control routines. This key forces the computer to start monitoring the VTR control routines as though the [;V Control VTR] option were entered.
<ctrl><f12> Return directly to the main menu, by-passing any intermediate menus etc. Note that pressing <;> has exactly the same effect as <ctrl><f12>, but, unlike <ctrl><f12>, may be used from a command file.
<alt><f12> Return directly to the main menu, by-passing any intermediate menus etc. Once in the main menu, enter the command files submenu in preparation for starting up a command file or macro. Note that any current activity being performed by DigImage will be aborted before returning to the main menu. This return process is equivalent to repeatedly pressing <escape>.
<;> This key press has an identical function to <ctrl><f12> above, but may be included in a command file to return quickly to the main menu.
<!> Accesses command file directives and variables. See section 5.3 below for further details.
<tab> Suspend the execution of a command file. The current status will be saved and DigImage will exit. To resume the command file, restart DigImage in the same directory. Note that the suspend can only take place from a menu (and even then some menus can not be suspended). Thus the command file will continue execution until the menu is reached.
<scroll lock> This will pause DigImage until a further key is pressed.

3.3 SELECTIONS

Frequently, during the execution of a menu option, the user is required to select between a number of alternatives. If there is a large number of alternatives, a submenu will be generated listing those alternatives and behaving in a manner similar to any other menu. However if the list of alternatives is relatively small, then DigImage will ask for a selection of the form

Place at Top, Bottom or Nowhere ?
{TBN}->

Here the valid responses are <T>, <B> or <N>. Execution will not proceed until a valid response has been made. As with menus, simply press the desired key (no <return> required). Pressing <return> by itself (or alternative the left mouse button, if a mouse is fitted) will always select the first item on the list (i.e. <T> in this case). Frequently DigImage requires a binary choice such as

Use compaction ?
{YN}->

<return> may be used to select the first choice, and <space> (or the right mouse button, if a mouse is fitted) the second. Note that you may still use the specified letters, i.e. <Y> and <N>. If there are more than two options then <space> will have no effect.

3.4 TYPED INPUT

Typed input in DigImage may take one of four forms: alphanumeric strings, integer values, floating point values and time specifications. No type checking is performed for alphanumeric strings, integers must have a zero fractional part (although the value may be entered as a floating point value), and floating point values may use any standard Fortran format. Times may be specified in a number of formats, viz.

minutes:seconds

Both the minutes and seconds may be signed floating point values. The sign of the minutes sub-field has priority. See <shift><f1> for examples.

EntryDescription
hours:minutes:seconds Time in hours, minutes and seconds. Note that all the component parts may be floating point values and both may have a sign - see <shift><f1> help for examples.
minutes:seconds Time in minutes and seconds. Note that both the minutes and seconds parts may be floating point values and both may have a sign - see <shift><f1> help for examples. The time is converted to seconds by 60*minutes + Sign(minutes)*Sign(seconds)*seconds.
minutes: Equivalent to minutes:0. The minutes may be a floating point value.
:seconds Time in seconds. May be floating point value.
secondsTime in seconds. May be floating point value.
::fields Time specified in video fields. Note that there are two video fields in a complete frame. For PAL systems, there are 50 fields per second, while with North American NTSC there are 60 fields per second.

In some circumstances DigImage may provide a default value which may be edited or overwritten, but more normally there is no default. Basic editing and recall of previous data are possible when entering any of these four data types. This may be achieved using the following keys:

Key sequenceDescription
<> Move the cursor left by one space.
<> Move the cursor right by one space.
<home> Move to first character of entry.
<end> Move to right of last character of entry.
<backspace> Delete the character to the left of the cursor and move remainder of entry left.
<delete> Delete the character under the cursor and move the remainder of entry left.
<insert> Insert a space under the cursor and move the remainder of the entry right.
<> Bring back previous entry from history list. Repeated presses of <> moves back through the history list.
<> Bring back next entry from history list. This moves in the opposite direction to <> through the history list.
<escape> Cancel current menu option and return to parent menu.
<f1> Display help on current activity. Refer to section 1.2
<shift><f1> Display general help. Refer to section 1.2
<shift><f2> Display history. Pressing this key while inputting values (which require an <return>) brings up a list showing values (of the current type) input previously. The input may be set to one of these values by striking the appropriate key. The <escape> key may be used to exit this facility without changing the current value. To abort the current activity and return to the previous menu a second <escape> will be required.
<ctrl><f11> This function key can be used to start the current screen saver at any stage where user input is requested. Note that if the frame grabber is in active use (either acquiring images or performing ALU operations) then only the computer monitor screen saver will be used.
<!> Accesses command file directives and variables. Refer to section 5.3 for further details.

Completion of input is indicated by pressing <return>.

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Stuart Dalziel, last page update: 21 June 1999