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\newcommand{\bi}{\begin{itemize}}
\newcommand{\ei}{\end{itemize}}

\title{Spectroscopic observations of compact solar flares}
%\subtitle{

\author{H.E. Mason \& Giulio Del Zanna } 


%\centerline{Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics \\
% University of Cambridge }
%\centerline{  A.\ Berlicki \&  B.\ Schmieder}
%\centerline{Observatoire de Paris,  Meudon }

\institution{Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics \\
 University of Cambridge \\
in collaboration with  A.\ Berlicki \&  B.\ Schmieder \\
 Observatoire de Paris,  Meudon }


\slideCaption{December 2004: compact solar flares}

\Logo(8.3,7.78){\includegraphics[scale=0.4]{UniversityLogo.eps}}

\DefaultTransition{Replace}

%Box dissolve replace wipe 

%\FontTitle{Large}{}



\begin{document}
\maketitle

%\FontText{ \white\usefont{T1}{phv}{m}{n}\fontsize{14.4pt}{14pt}\selectfont}

%\footnotesize

%---------------------------------------------------------------------- SLIDE -
%---------------------------------------------------------------------- SLIDE -
%\overlays{5}{%
\begin{slide}{Introduction}


\begin{itemize}

\item
The SOHO/Coronal Diagnostic Spectrometer provides essential  
spectroscopic information to understand the characteristics 
and dynamics of solar coronal features.

\item
We give a description of the main observational features
and what types of measurements (densities, temperatures, flows)
are obtained. 

\item
These provide important observational constraints 
for flare modeling.

\item
 CDS observations of a compact M1 flare 
that occurred on October 22 2002, also observed from the ground
in chromospheric lines  and by RHESSI.

\item
The flare occurred in a region of strong and mixed magnetic polarity,
was compact and lasted only a short time.

\end{itemize}

\end{slide}

%------------------------------------------------------------------------------

%---------------------------------------------------------------------- SLIDE -
\begin{slide}{Papers -- I }

- Berlicki et al., A\&A 

\begin{figure}[!htbp]
\centerline{\epsfig{file=p1.ps, width=4.0cm,angle=-90 }}
\end{figure}

- Del Zanna et al. (2004) submitted

\end{slide}

\begin{slide}{Papers -- II }

\bi
\item
On general aspects of quiescent ARs:

-Del Zanna \& Mason 2003, A\&A, 406, 1089

-Del Zanna 2003, A\&A,  406, L5

\item 
On chromospheric evaporation:

-Mason et al. 1986, ApJ, 309,435 

-Zarro et al., 1988, ApJ, 333, L99

-Del Zanna et al.  (COSPAR 2000),  2002, Adv. Space Res., 30, 551

%-Gibson et al., 2002, ApJ, 574, 1021
%-Del Zanna,  Mason, \& Foley, 2002, 
% 10th European Sol. Phys. meeting, ESA-SP 506, 585
\item 
Time dependent and non-equilibrium effects:

-Bradshaw,  Del Zanna \& Mason, A\&A, 2004, in press

\ei


\end{slide}
%------------------------------------------------------------------------------

%---------------------------------------------------------------------- SLIDE -
\begin{slide}{Overview I}

\begin{figure}[!htbp]
\centerline{\epsfig{file=fov.ps, width=4.0cm,angle=-90 }
\epsfig{file=wl.ps, width=4.0cm,angle=-90 }}
\centerline{\epsfig{file=blong.ps, width=4.0cm,angle=-90 }}
\caption{THEMIS/MSDP in  Na I ${\rm{D_{1}}}$
(15:41--16:29 UT) and line-of-sight magnetic field deduced from
           $I$ and $V$ Stokes overlaid with H$\alpha$ contours
observed by VTT/MSDP at 15:30:01 UT.}
\end{figure}

\end{slide}
%------------------------------------------------------------------------------
%---------------------------------------------------------------------- SLIDE -
\begin{slide}{Overview II}

\begin{itemstep}
\item
THEMIS observed continuously between 15:41--17:26 UT.
\item
TRACE and VTT/MSDP observations were performed during 
           the whole flare.
\item
VTT/MSDP observations in H$\alpha$
9 scans between 15:30 and 16:17 UT
\item
TRACE high cadence (40 s) in the 195 {\AA} band between 15:29 and
15:41 UT 

\end{itemstep}
\end{slide}

\begin{slide}{Overview III - GOES}

\begin{figure}[!htbp]
\centerline{\epsfig{file=goesp1.ps, width=9.0cm,angle=0 }
%\epsfig{file=goesp2.ps, width=6.0cm,angle=0 }
}
\end{figure}

\end{slide}

%---------------------------------------------------------------------- SLIDE -

\begin{slide}{Overview III - GOES}

\begin{figure}[!htbp]
\centerline{\epsfig{file=goes2_bw.ps, width=7.0cm,angle=90 }
}
\end{figure}

\end{slide}


%---------------------------------------------------------------------- SLIDE -
\begin{slide}{The AR before the M1 flare}

TRACE 195~\AA\ with MDI contours

\begin{figure}[!htbp]
\centerline{\epsfig{file=trace_1529_ovl.ps, width=9.0cm,angle=0 }}
%trace_195_154039_mdi.ps
%\caption{TRACE 195 \AA\ + MDI contours}
\end{figure}
\end{slide}

%---------------------------------------------------------------------- SLIDE -

%---------------------------------------------------------------------- SLIDE -
\begin{slide}{The M1 flare - TRACE (area Z1)}

\begin{figure}[!htbp]
\centerline{\epsfig{file=trace_seq1.ps, width=4.0cm , angle=0 }}
\end{figure}

\end{slide}

%---------------------------------------------------------------------- SLIDE -


\begin{slide}{The M1 flare}

 CDS FOV - TRACE 195 \AA\ + contours of Fe XIX intensity

\begin{figure}[!htbp]
\centerline{\epsfig{file=trace_195_154039_FeXIX_int.ps, width=8.0cm,angle=0 }}
%\caption{\small}
\end{figure}

\end{slide}

%---------------------------------------------------------------------- SLIDE -
\begin{slide}{The M1 flare - CDS }

\begin{figure}[!htbp]
\centerline{
\epsfig{file=s26058r00_OV_int_mdi.ps, width=4.5cm,angle=0 }
\epsfig{file=s26058r00_OV_pos_mdi.ps, width=4.5cm,angle=0}
}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[!htbp]
\centerline{
\epsfig{file=s26058r00_SiXII_int_mdi.ps, width=4.5cm,angle=0 }
\epsfig{file=s26058r00_SiXII_pos_mdi.ps, width=4.5cm,angle=0}
}
\end{figure}


\end{slide}

%------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\begin{slide}{The M1 flare - CDS -- Zoom in }

\begin{figure}[!htbp]
\centerline{
\epsfig{file=s26058r00_FeXIX_int_mdi.ps, width=4.5cm,angle=0 }
\epsfig{file=s26058r00_FeXIX_int_SiXII_pos.ps, width=4.5cm,angle=0}
}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[!htbp]
\centerline{
\epsfig{file=s26058r00_FeXIX_pos_SiXII_pos.ps, width=5.0cm,angle=0}
\epsfig{file=trace_195_154039_SiXII_pos.ps, width=5.0cm,angle=0}
}
\end{figure}


\end{slide}
%------------------------------------------------------------------------------

%---------------------------------------------------------------------- SLIDE -

\begin{slide}{Wavelength calibration}
\ptsize{8}

The  wavelength calibration was remarkably stable.

Uncertainty 
in the derivation of velocities of the order of 
5--10 km/s.



\begin{table*}[ht]
\begin{center}
%\footnotesize
%\tiny
\scriptsize
\begin{tabular}{@{}lcccccccccc@{}}
%[511.455, 0.116225, 7.71135e-07]
\hline\noalign{\smallskip}
\hline\noalign{\smallskip}
                     & Si XII & He I   & Ne IV  & Al XI  & O IV&
Ca X      & Ne VI & Fe XII & Mg X & O V \\

$\lambda_{st}$  & 520.665& 522.210&  542.07& 550.06&  555.263&
 557.765&  562.803& 592.60& 624.941& 629.732 \\

$\lambda_1$ & 520.675 & 522.208   &    542.031  &     550.070   &
 555.252&   557.758    &   562.791    &   592.590   &    624.936 &    629.735 \\

$v_1$  & 5 &   -1 &  -21  &   5  &   -6 &   -3  &   -6 &   -5 &   -2  &   1 \\

$\lambda_2$  & 520.664 & 522.211 & 542.061 & 550.066 &
555.260 & 557.769  & 562.812 & 592.597 & 624.932 & 629.747 \\

$v_2$      & 0 &   0 &  -4 &   3  &  -1  &  1   &  5  & -1 & -4  &  6 \\

\hline\noalign{\smallskip}
\end{tabular}
\end{center}
\normalsize
\label{tab:wvl_cal}
\end{table*}

\end{slide}

%---------------------------------------------------------------------- SLIDE -
\begin{slide}{Selected areas }

\begin{figure}[!htbp]
\centerline{\epsfig{file=s26058r00_sixii_areas.ps, width=5.0cm,angle=90}}
%\caption{\small }
  \label{fig:}
\end{figure}
% Figure~\ref{fig:}

Si XII velocity map, with the areas selected for further
  analysis.
Areas A,B,C correspond to regions of strong blue-shifts,
while area D of red-shift. Region LP corresponds to 
the area of peak Fe XIX intensity, while region L1 is where 
the central part of the flare loop is located. 
Region BG is a `background' reference region.

\end{slide}
%---------------------------------------------------------------------- SLIDE -


\begin{slide}{The Fe XIX case}

Our calibration, based on this small sample,
provides a wavelength of 592.16 \AA, in excellent 
agreement with  Skylab measurements.


Lawson \& Peackok (1980)
reviewed  $n=2 \to n=2$ 
transitions, and suggested  an energy 
for the 2s 2 2p 4 $^1$D$_{2}$ level 
of 168770 \cm.

$\to \lambda=$ 592.522 \AA

$\to $ the considerable difference of  
 183. km/s compared to our result.

\begin{figure}[!htbp]
\centerline{\epsfig{file=s26058r00_fe_xix_win.ps, width=5.5cm,    angle=90 }}
\end{figure}

\end{slide}

%---------------------------------------------------------------------- SLIDE -



%---------------------------------------------------------------------- SLIDE -
\begin{slide}{Densities from O IV  }

\begin{figure}[!htbp]
\centerline{\epsfig{file=s26058r00_oiv_win.ps, width=4.0cm , angle=90 }}
%\epsfig{file=s26058r00_fe_xix_win.ps, width=4.0cm , angle=90 }
\centerline{\epsfig{file=s26058r00_mgx_win.ps, width=4.0cm , angle=90 }}
%\caption{ }
  \label{fig:}
\end{figure}
% Figure~\ref{fig:}

\end{slide}

%---------------------------------------------------------------------- SLIDE -
\begin{slide}{ }

\begin{figure}[!htbp]
\centerline{\epsfig{file=s26058r00_he_i_prof.ps, width=4.0cm , angle=90 }
\epsfig{file=s26058r00_si_xii_prof.ps, width=4.0cm , angle=90 }}
\centerline{\epsfig{file=s26058r00_fe_xix_prof.ps, width=4.0cm , angle=90 }}
%\caption{ }
  \label{fig:}
\end{figure}
% Figure~\ref{fig:}

\end{slide}
%---------------------------------------------------------------------- SLIDE -

%---------------------------------------------------------------------- SLIDE -
\begin{slide}{Velocities, densities }
\ptsize{8}

\begin{table}[!htbp]
%\caption[]{ }
\begin{center}
%\footnotesize
%\tiny
\scriptsize
\begin{tabular}{rrrrrrrr}
\hline\noalign{\smallskip}

\hline\noalign{\smallskip}
Region       & A  &   B  & C   & D   & L1 & LP  & BG  \\
\hline\noalign{\smallskip}
%
 He I $v$  &  13  & -27  & -30 & -17   & -17   & -36   &  -22   \\
      $I$  & 2393 & 770  & 112 & 377   & 751   & 1293   &  16   \\
   $FWHM$  & 0.61 & 0.53 & 0.51& 0.56  & 0.51   & 0.51   &  0.50    \\

% 553.4:
 O IV(a) $v$ & (33) & -21  & -24 & 13    &  0   &  -20  &  0    \\
      $I$  & (9818) & 598  & 80  & 237   & 252   & 686   & 33    \\
%   $FWHM$  & (0.65) & 0.64 & 0.65& 0.65  & 0.65   & 0.65   &  0.56    \\
%625.853 :

 O IV(b) $I$ & 2333 & 111  &  -  &  -    &  -  & -   &   -   \\

$N_{\rm e}$ (O~IV)  & 2 10$^{11}$ & 0.9 10$^{11}$ & - & - & -  & -  & - \\

 O V  $v$  & (23)   & -25  & -21 &  0    &  -12   & -28   &  -4      \\
      $I$  & (33226) & 5038 & 721 & 2490 & 2840   & 6782   & 387    \\
   $FWHM$  & (0.70) & 0.50 & 0.50& 0.55  & 0.50   & 0.50   &  0.50 \\

Mg X  $v$  & (14)   & -62  & -51 & 29    & -17   &  -37  &  -5    \\
      $I$  & (5910) & 1630 & 656 & 1205  & 1781  & 17093   & 118    \\
   $FWHM$  & (0.80) & 0.59 & 0.53& 0.58  & 0.58  &  0.52  &   0.52 \\

 Si XII $v$ & -64  & -84  & -54  &  17   &   -6  & -40   & -10      \\
      $I$  & 2756 & 1847 & 839   &  1378 & 2818  & 16748 & 63     \\
   $FWHM$  &  0.59& 0.55 & 0.50  & 0.55  & 0.51  & 0.50   & 0.50    \\

 Fe XIX $v$ & -141 & -140 & -56  & 22    & -13  & -26    & -     \\  
       $I$  & 294  & 272  & 694  & 1271  & 2721 &  7544  & $\le$ 0.5     \\
   $FWHM$   & 0.68 & 0.65 & 0.56 & 0.59  & 0.57 &  0.55  &  -   \\

\hline\noalign{\smallskip}
\end{tabular}
\end{center}
\normalsize
\label{tab:}
\end{table}


\end{slide}
%---------------------------------------------------------------------- SLIDE -

\begin{slide}{VTT  H$\alpha$ }

\ptsize{8}

\begin{figure}[!htbp]
\centerline{\epsfig{file=cds1518_heI_vtt1530_dots.ps, width=4.5cm,angle=0}}
\end{figure}

\begin{table}[!htbp]
\centering
\begin{tabular}{*{3}{c}} \hline\hline 
 {$\rm{Area}$} & {$\rm{log}\;\tau_{m}$} & {$V_{0} \rm{[km\;s^{-1}]}$} \\
\hline
1 & $-0.4$ &  downflow (?)  \\
2 & $-0.2$ &  downflow (?)  \\
3 & $+0.4$ & $+10.0$  \\
4 & $+1.0$ & $ -1.9$  \\
5 & $+0.1$ & $ -3.8$  \\
6 & $-0.8$ & $ -9.4$  \\
7 & $-0.1$ & $ -5.6$  \\
8 & $ 0.0$ & $ -6.9$  \\ \hline
\end{tabular}
\end{table}


\end{slide}


%---------------------------------------------------------------------- SLIDE -
\begin{slide}{Later flare - GOES } 
\begin{figure}[!htbp]
\centerline{\epsfig{file=goesp2.ps, width=9.0cm,angle=0 }}
\end{figure}
\end{slide}

\begin{slide}{Later flare - RHESSI } 
RHESSI counts rates (the 12--25 keV  band are 
multiplied by a factor of 10).

\begin{figure}[!htbp]
\centerline{\epsfig{file=rhessi_cr.ps, width=6.0cm,angle=-90 }}
%\caption).}
\end{figure}

\end{slide}


%---------------------------------------------------------------------- SLIDE -
\begin{slide}{Post-flare CDS raster 15:43--17:07 UT }

\begin{figure}[!htbp]
\centerline{
\epsfig{file=s26059r00_ima.ps, width=5.5cm,angle=0}
%\epsfig{file=s26059r00_pos.ps, width=5.5cm,angle=0}
}
\end{figure}

\end{slide}
%---------------------------------------------------------------------- SLIDE -

%---------------------------------------------------------------------- SLIDE -
\begin{slide}{Post-flare CDS raster -- II }

\begin{figure}[!htbp]
\centerline{
\epsfig{file=trace_1627_FeXIX_int.ps, width=6.0cm,angle=0}
\epsfig{file=rhessi_1625_1628_3kev.ps, width=6.0cm,angle=0}
}
\end{figure}


\end{slide}
%---------------------------------------------------------------------- SLIDE -


\begin{slide}{Summary of results}

\bi
\item
Strong blue-shifts in lines emitted in the 1-8 MK range are observed
at the bases of hot Fe XIX structures.

\item
The hot structures are also clearly visible in the TRACE 195~\AA\ band

\item
The hot structures match the thermal emission as seen by RHESSI

\item
The peak Fe~XIX emission, recorded between 15:35 and 
15:43 UT, occurred just above the region of 
strong mixed polarity.

\item
The  TRACE 195 \AA\ emission is co-spatial 
with the CDS  Fe~XIX emission, which suggests that 
the bulk of the  TRACE 195 \AA\ emission 
 at the flare site is due to Fe~XXIV.

\item
Transition region densities can be estimated using 
 O~IV.
%1.5 $\times 10$^{11}$ cm$^{-3}$.


\ei


{\bf Acknowledgements}

Support from  PPARC is acknowledged. \\

SOHO is a project of international collaboration between ESA and NASA.

We acknowledge the use of the SURF, TRACE 
on-line databases.

\end{slide}


%---------------------------------------------------------------------- SLIDE -


\end{document}
